For Spanish speakers
All 40 American English sounds
Every target sound in textbook order, with the sound a Spanish speaker tends to use instead. Click a kind to open the detail page.
40 of 40
| Sound | As in | You may say | Kind | Salience | Impact | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 /i/ | see | /i/ | Same sound, different production | ●●○○○ | ●●○○○ | sourced |
 /ɪ/ | sit | /i/ | Two sounds merged | ●●●●● | ●●●●○ | sourced |
 /e/ | day | /e/ | Same sound, different production | ●●●○○ | ●●●○○ | sourced |
 /ɛ/ | bed | /e/ | Two sounds merged | ●●●●○ | ●●●○○ | sourced |
 /æ/ | cat | /ɛ, a/ | Missing sound | ●●●●● | ●●●●○ | sourced |
 /ʌ/ | cup | /a/ | Missing sound | ●●●●○ | ●●●○○ | sourced |
 /ə/ | sofa | /a, e, o/ | Missing sound | ●●●●● | ●●●○○ | consensus |
 /ɝ/ | bird | /ɛɾ, oɾ, uɾ/ | Missing sound | ●●●●● | ●●●○○ | consensus |
 /ɑ/ | hot | /a/ | Same sound, different production | ●●○○○ | ●●○○○ | sourced |
 /ɔ/ | law | /o/ | Same sound, different production | ●●●○○ | ●●○○○ | sourced |
 /o/ | go | /o/ | Same sound, different production | ●●●○○ | ●○○○○ | sourced |
 /ʊ/ | book | /u/ | Missing sound | ●●●●○ | ●●●○○ | sourced |
 /u/ | food | /u/ | Same sound, different production | ●●○○○ | ●○○○○ | sourced |
 /aɪ/ | my | /ai/ | Same sound, different production | ●○○○○ | ●○○○○ | consensus |
 /aʊ/ | how | /au/ | Same sound, different production | ●○○○○ | ●○○○○ | consensus |
 /ɔɪ/ | boy | /oi/ | Same sound, different production | ●○○○○ | ●○○○○ | consensus |
 /p/ | pen | /p/ | Same sound, different production | ●●●○○ | ●●○○○ | consensus |
 /b/ | bed | /b, β/ | Same sound, different production | ●●●○○ | ●●○○○ | sourced |
| /m/ | man | no issue here | consensus | |||
 /w/ | win | /w, b/ | Two sounds merged | ●●●○○ | ●●●○○ | consensus |
| /f/ | fish | no issue here | consensus | |||
 /v/ | van | /b, β/ | Two sounds merged | ●●●●● | ●●●●○ | consensus |
 /θ/ | think | /s, t/ | Missing sound | ●●●●● | ●●●●○ | consensus |
 /ð/ | this | /d, d̪/ | Missing sound | ●●●●● | ●●●○○ | consensus |
 /t/ | top | /t̪/ | Same sound, different production | ●●●●○ | ●●○○○ | consensus |
 /d/ | dog | /d̪, ð/ | Same sound, different production | ●●●○○ | ●●○○○ | sourced |
 /s/ | sun | /s, es/ | Different distribution | ●●●●○ | ●●○○○ | consensus |
 /z/ | zoo | /s/ | Missing sound | ●●●○○ | ●●○○○ | consensus |
| /n/ | no | no issue here | consensus | |||
 /l/ | light | /l/ | Same sound, different production | ●●○○○ | ●○○○○ | consensus |
 /r/ | red | /ɾ, r/ | Missing sound | ●●●●● | ●●●●○ | consensus |
 /ʃ/ | ship | /tʃ, s/ | Missing sound | ●●●●○ | ●●●○○ | consensus |
 /ʒ/ | vision | /dʒ, ʃ/ | Missing sound | ●●●○○ | ●●○○○ | consensus |
 /tʃ/ | chair | /tʃ/ | Same sound, different production | ●○○○○ | ●○○○○ | consensus |
 /dʒ/ | jump | /tʃ, ʝ/ | Missing sound | ●●●●○ | ●●●○○ | consensus |
 /j/ | yes | /ʝ/ | Same sound, different production | ●●○○○ | ●○○○○ | consensus |
 /k/ | cat | /k/ | Same sound, different production | ●●●○○ | ●●○○○ | consensus |
 /g/ | go | /g, ɣ/ | Same sound, different production | ●●○○○ | ●○○○○ | sourced |
 /ŋ/ | sing | /ŋg, n/ | Different distribution | ●●●●○ | ●●●○○ | consensus |
 /h/ | house | /x/ | Missing sound | ●●●●○ | ●●○○○ | consensus |